Development of project documentation

 

Project preparation of construction. The schematic diagram of the pre-design and design preparation of construction on the example of a housing and civil facility.


Schematic diagram of pre-design and design preparation of construction for housing and civil facilities

The development of project documentation is carried out on the basis of the design task in accordance with the initial permitting documentation and in compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation.

The stage of designing an object is established by the customer together with the general designer in the design task. There are recommendations for determining the staging of the design. So, for Moscow, five categories of complexity of objects have been established, depending on which the following recommendations are given regarding the staged design:

1) project, working documentation for objects of V, IV categories of complexity and for objects of III category of complexity for individual projects;

2) working design (approved part and working documentation) for objects of III-I categories of complexity, as well as for objects built according to standard and reusable projects.

By the decision of the local body for urban planning and architecture, the object can be classified as unique with the establishment of a special design procedure. As a rule, this is the case in the following cases:

• - the location of the object on a territory of particular importance in terms of urban planning;
• - special social significance of the object;
• - of particular technical complexity.

When considering the development of project documentation, it is necessary to distinguish:

1) a project for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures for industrial purposes;

2) a project for the construction of housing and civil facilities.

Composition of project documentation. The project for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures for industrial purposes consists of the following sections:

• - general explanatory note;
• - master plan and transport;
• - technological solutions;
• - management of production, enterprise and organization of working conditions and labor protection of workers and employees;
• - architectural and construction solutions;
• - engineering equipment, networks and systems;
• - organization of construction;
• - environmental protection;
• - engineering and technical measures of civil defense, as well as measures to prevent emergency situations; - estimate documentation;
• - efficiency of investments.

The project for the construction of housing and civil facilities consists of the following sections:

• - general explanatory note;
• - architectural and construction solutions;
• - technological solutions;
• - solutions for engineering equipment;
• - environmental protection;
• - engineering and technical measures of civil defense, as well as measures to prevent emergency situations; - organization of construction (if necessary);
• - estimate documentation;
• - efficiency of investments (if necessary).

The working project is developed in reduced volume and composition, determined depending on the type of construction and the functional purpose of the object in relation to the composition and content of the project. The working draft includes working documentation.

Development of special sections of the project. For their development, as a rule, specialized organizations with appropriate licenses are involved.

The most commonly developed special sections of the project include:

• - environmental protection;
• - engineering and technical measures of civil defense;
• - engineering and technical measures for the prevention of emergency situations;
• - fire fighting, fire alarm, security and fire alarm and smoke protection; notification of people about the fire and evacuation of people in case of fire;
• - organization and working conditions of employees, management of production and enterprise;
• - engineering protection of territories, buildings and structures from hazardous natural and technological natural processes;
• - protection of building structures from corrosion;
• - Construction Organization Projects (POS) and Work Projects (PPR);
• - estimate documentation;
• - efficiency of investments;
• - measures to ensure the living conditions of persons with disabilities and low-mobility groups of the population;
• - architectural lighting;
• - acoustic protection of buildings and structures from operational noises and vibrations;
• - project management.

Coordination of project documentation. Coordination of project documentation is carried out by the customer. If necessary, in accordance with the design contract, a general designer can be involved in this work.

Project documentation for the construction of an enterprise, building and structure, developed in accordance with applicable norms, rules and standards, which must be certified by the appropriate record of the person responsible for the project (chief engineer, chief architect, project manager), is not subject to coordination with state supervision bodies and other interested organizations - except in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and subjects of the Russian Federation.

Project documentation is subject to mandatory submission for consideration:

• - to the local body for urban planning and architecture (for approval of the architectural and urban planning solution in its absence at the previous stage of project preparation);
• - local environmental authority;
• - the body of sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the subject of the Russian Federation.

In special cases, additional coordination of the placement of the object (execution of conclusions) can be carried out. All regions of Russia have their own lists of organizations whose approvals are required in special cases of placement of objects.

State expertise. State examination of project documentation is carried out in order to prevent the construction of facilities the creation and use of which does not meet the requirements of state norms and rules or damages the rights and interests of citizens, legal entities and the state protected by law, as well as in order to monitor compliance with social-economic and environmental policy.

For facilities, the construction of which is carried out at the expense of their own financial resources, borrowed and attracted funds of investors, project documentation is submitted for examination in the amount necessary to assess design solutions in terms of ensuring the safety of life and health of people, the reliability of buildings and structures being erected, the compliance of design solutions with the approved urban planning documentation and compliance with the established procedure for coordination and approval of construction projects. 

 

At the request of the customer, the consideration of project documentation for such objects can be carried out both in full and in the amount of individual sections, which is determined by the contract for the examination.

The customer submits the project documentation to the state non-departmental expertise body with the involvement of the general designer to protect design solutions. A set of project documentation is accepted for an expert opinion in the amount of the approved part, agreed in accordance with the established procedure.

Based on the results of the examination, a conclusion is drawn up. The expert body carrying out a comprehensive examination prepares a consolidated expert opinion on the construction project as a whole, taking into account the conclusions of state examinations that took part in the consideration of the project.

Working documentation. The composition of the working documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures is determined by the relevant state standards of the SPDS and specified by the customer and the general designer in the design agreement (contract).

State, industry and regional standards, as well as drawings of standard structures, products and components, which are referenced in the working drawings, are not included in the working documentation and can be transferred by the designer to the customer, if this is stipulated in the contract.

In case of changes in the constructive, engineering, technological solutions of the project, as well as the approved part of the working project, the documentation is subject to re-submission to the relevant body of state non-departmental expertise.

Approval of project documentation. Approval of project documentation is carried out in order to obtain a permit and a warrant for the production of construction, installation and earthworks. Depending on the sources of financing, the approval of project documentation is carried out:

• – during construction, reconstruction at the expense of city sources – by a legal act of the city administration;
• – during construction, reconstruction at the expense of own financial resources, borrowed and attracted funds of the customer – directly by the customer himself (corresponding order, order).

Since the approval of the project documentation is necessary in order to obtain a building permit, the interested person (customer), if necessary, also checks the availability and proper execution of the following documents:

• - title documents for the land plot;
• - urban development plan of the land plot;
• - materials of project documentation;
• - a positive conclusion of the state examination of project documentation.

After the approval of the project documentation by the customer (before issuing the construction permit), the body authorized to issue the permit checks the project documentation for compliance with the urban development plan of the land plot. In addition, this authority checks the availability of documents attached to the customer's application for a building permit, including:

• - title documents for the land plot;
• - urban development plan of the land plot;
• - materials contained in the project documentation;
• - a positive conclusion of the state examination of the project documentation in relation to the relevant objects.

On the basis of the project documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure, the authorized bodies shall draw up:

• - permission to carry out construction and installation works;
• - a warrant for preparatory, excavation and construction works.

Registration of a permit for the production of construction and installation works is carried out at the appropriate stages of construction, provided with working documentation.

The body of administrative and technical inspections issues an order for the right to carry out excavation works related to the movement of soil outside the construction site with the obligatory submission by the customer of a document approved in accordance with the established procedure confirming the right of temporary or permanent storage of soil at the destination.

Transfer of projects to customers. Documentation storage.

As a rule, the contract between the customer and the general designer provides for the transfer of the finished project documentation to the customer. The customer accepts it by signing the consignment note. The act of acceptance and transfer of design and estimate documentation is signed by the customer, provided that there are no comments on the results of the work performed in accordance with the contract.



The act of acceptance and transfer of project documentation, as instilled, is signed by the customer, provided that:

• - coordination of project documentation by competent (authorized) state bodies;
• - the presence of a positive conclusion of the state expertise;
• - the customer has no comments on the results of the work performed.

Storage of documentation is carried out at the customer, in design organizations and the Federal Archival Agency, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications. 

 

The rules for accounting and storage in design organizations of the original project documentation (hereinafter referred to as the original document) for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures of all branches of industry and the national economy are defined by GOST [6].


The terms of storage of original documents in design organizations are established by ministries and departments in the lists of documents agreed with the Federal Archival Agency.


Original documents are selected for state storage or destruction as having no scientific value and have lost practical significance in accordance with the instructions of the Federal Archival Agency.


Original documents are subject to accounting and storage in the organization that developed them. Unusable or lost original documents by the decision of the head (or his deputy) of the organization - the holder of originals can be restored.


Functions of the project manager. At all stages of the development of project documentation, the leading role belongs to the project manager (in domestic terminology - the chief project engineer, the chief architect of the project).



During the design process, the project manager performs the following functions:

• monitoring the compliance of the volume and timing of the work performed with the necessary minimum provided for in the contract;
• selection and involvement of leading specialists in engineering disciplines in the project, coordination of their activities;
• setting a rational time frame for the commencement of work in order to avoid its premature completion;
• adjustment of the number of employees employed;
• Control over the introduction of changes to the project;
• control over factors, conditions and documents that may increase the cost of work;
• verification of compliance with the sequence and priorities selected in the process of work planning;
• ensuring the preferred choice of standard materials and equipment in as many situations as possible, as well as ensuring a minimum range of products used;
• preparation and implementation of the agreement with the licensor;
• preparation and monitoring of compliance with the design work plan linked to the overall project plan;
• development together with the customer of the design task.

Depending on the scale and complexity of the project, the functions of the manager at the design stage can be assigned both to the manager of the entire project and to a specially appointed project manager working in a team under the leadership of the general manager.


Automation of design work. A comprehensive model of the technological process of design is a system of technologically sound information links between these specialists, providing the production of computational and graphic information in the form of a standard set of drawings, tables and texts on the basis and in accordance with the current regulatory documents on construction.



The use of informatization tools allows you to get a fundamentally new environment - a computer-aided design (CAD) system. The enlarged CAD structure in construction is presented.





The basis of the process line of computer-aided design (TLAP) in the CAD environment consists of graphical databases that cover all parts of the project. Work with databases is carried out in the dialog mode using branched graphic menus, from which the necessary image elements are visually selected.



The databases contain:

• elements of general-purpose drawings (frame with a stamp of any format, various arrows, marks, axes, tables, etc.); - architectural elements (construction of any grid of columns and axes, walls, partitions, windows, doors, marks, stairs, etc.); - architectural nodes (close-up drawing of individual conjugations);
• plumbing equipment (elements of drawings of heating, ventilation, water supply, sewerage, etc.);
• electrical equipment (elements of drawings of electric lighting, power electrical equipment, etc.).

On the basis of the integrated use of system tools that allow performing all the functions of preparation, storage, search, processing, display, design and analysis of information in an automated mode, designers in the TLAP environment have the opportunity to combine in the development time and coordinate design solution options. At the same time, linkage is provided in all parts for all parameters without the release of intermediate drawings with their repeated exchange. Stored in graphical databases are reusable elements.


In the foreign, and now the domestic market of specialized software tools, a sufficient number of packages focused on design in construction have now appeared. They have already laid down by the developers typical graphic blocks, the possibility of pairing various typical elements, the formation of specifications. A significant drawback of these systems (in principle, quite powerful and convenient) is that all of them, as a rule, are developed by foreign firms and are focused accordingly on foreign standards.


In practice, drawing packages such as AutoCAD are used in the design, which are a universal electronic cullman. The development of the bank of typical graphic elements in this case is entirely entrusted to the user.


This development can go in two ways. The first, simplest way is direct drawing (accumulation of standard blocks of information) by qualified user designers. The second way is more complicated, but also more effective - writing within the framework of available system tools programs for the formation of graphic images, appropriate calculation modules and information retrieval systems. The developed interface blocks allow you to create complex software directly aimed at the domestic consumer. To solve such problems, professional programmers are needed.

However, to date, there are no packages that fully satisfy the designers, containing all the necessary catalog information on various types of building parts and structures produced in our country. In practice, with rare exceptions, individual developments are used, adapted to the needs of a particular organization, which are not of a universal nature.